Triple negative cancers can be further subdivided into basal-like, which express markers of basal myoepithelial and mesenchymal markers and claudin-low cancers, which are enriched in stem cell markers and have low levels of differentiation markers and genes associated with adherens junctions (AJs) and tight junctions (TJs). Finally, triple negative cancers lack expression of estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors and have the poorest prognosis. ![]() Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive tumors have amplification of the HER2/ErbB2 growth factor receptor and also have poor prognosis. Luminal B cancers also express luminal cell markers, but have higher proliferation and a worse prognosis than Luminal A. 7 Luminal A breast cancers express markers of luminal ductal cells such as cytokeratin 8, as well as estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors and have a good prognosis. Invasive ductal carcinomas breach the basement membrane ( Figure 1), 5, 6 and can be divided into subtypes that have distinct histological features, molecular expression signatures, and clinical outcomes. ![]() Note: Cross-section of a duct shows loss of epithelial integrity and ductal filling across the different stages of breast cancer.
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